Портал:Геология
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Геологический портал
Геология (от др.-греч. γῆ ( gê ) 'земля' и λoγία ( -logía ) 'изучение, рассуждение') — раздел естественных наук, изучающий Землю и другие астрономические объекты , породы, из которых они состоят, и процессы, посредством которых они изменяются с течением времени. Современная геология в значительной степени пересекается со всеми другими науками о Земле , включая гидрологию . Она интегрирована с наукой о системе Земли и планетологией .
Геология описывает структуру Земли на ее поверхности и под ней, а также процессы, которые сформировали эту структуру. Геологи изучают минералогический состав горных пород, чтобы получить представление об истории их формирования. Геология определяет относительный возраст горных пород, обнаруженных в данном месте; геохимия (раздел геологии) определяет их абсолютный возраст . Объединяя различные петрологические, кристаллографические и палеонтологические инструменты, геологи способны вести хронику геологической истории Земли в целом. Одним из аспектов является демонстрация возраста Земли . Геология предоставляет доказательства тектоники плит , эволюционной истории жизни и прошлых климатов Земли .
Геологи широко изучают свойства и процессы Земли и других планет земной группы. Геологи используют широкий спектр методов для понимания структуры и эволюции Земли, включая полевые работы , описание горных пород , геофизические методы , химический анализ , физические эксперименты и численное моделирование . С практической точки зрения геология важна для разведки и эксплуатации полезных ископаемых и углеводородов , оценки водных ресурсов , понимания стихийных бедствий , устранения экологических проблем и предоставления информации о прошлых изменениях климата . Геология является основной академической дисциплиной , и она является центральной для геологической инженерии и играет важную роль в геотехнической инженерии . ( Полная статья... )
Признанный контент -
Здесь представлены статьи категорий «хорошо» и «избранное» , которые соответствуют основным высоким редакционным стандартам.
Изображение 1Дарвин, около 1854 г. , когда он готовил «Происхождение видов»
Чарльз Роберт Дарвин FRS FRGS FLS FZS JP ( / ˈ d ɑːr w ɪ n / DAR -win ; 12 февраля 1809 — 19 апреля 1882) был английским натуралистом , геологом и биологом , широко известным за его вклад в эволюционную биологию . Его предложение о том , что все виды жизни произошли от общего предка , в настоящее время общепринято и считается фундаментальной научной концепцией. В совместной публикации с Альфредом Расселом Уоллесом он представил свою научную теорию о том , что эта разветвленная модель эволюциивозникла в результате процесса , который он назвал естественным отбором , в котором борьба за существование имеет аналогичный эффект искусственного отбора , участвующего в селективном разведении . Дарвин был описан как одна из самых влиятельных фигур в истории человечества и был удостоен погребения в Вестминстерском аббатстве .Ранний интерес Дарвина к природе привел к тому, что он пренебрег своим медицинском образованием в Эдинбургском университете ; вместо этого он помогал исследовать морских беспозвоночных . Его обучение в колледже Христа Кембриджского университета с1828 по 1831 год способствовало его увлечению естественными науками . Однако именно пятилетнее путешествие на корабле HMS Beagle с 1831 по 1836 год по-настоящему утвердило Дарвина как выдающегося геолога. Наблюдения и теории, которые он разработал во время своего путешествия, подтвердили концепцию Чарльза Лайелла о постепенных геологических изменениях . Публикация его журнала путешествия сделала Дарвина известным как популярного автора. ( Полная статья... )- Изображение 2
Извержения в вулканической области Лассен за последние 70 000 лет. Круг показывает основание горы Техама . Смотрите изображение временной шкалы.
The Lassen volcanic area presents a geological record of sedimentation and volcanic activity in and around Lassen Volcanic National Park in Northern California, U.S. The park is located in the southernmost part of the Cascade Mountain Range in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Pacific Oceanic tectonic plates have plunged below the North American Plate in this part of North America for hundreds of millions of years. Heat and molten rock from these subducting plates has fed scores of volcanoes in California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia over at least the past 30 million years, including these in the Lassen volcanic areas.
Between 3 and 4 million years ago, volcanic-derived mud flows called lahars streamed down several major mountains that included nearby but now extinct Mount Yana and Mount Maidu to become the Tuscan Formation. Basaltic and later andesitic to dacitic flows of lava covered increasingly larger areas of this formation to eventually form the lava plateau upon which the park is situated. About 600,000 years ago, Mount Tehama started to rise as a stratovolcano in the southwestern corner of the park, eventually reaching an estimated 11,000 ft (3,400 m) in height. (Full article...) - Image 3The Blue Marble, Apollo 17, December 1972
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of continental landmasses within Earth's land hemisphere. Most of Earth's land is somewhat humid and covered by vegetation, while large sheets of ice at Earth's polar deserts retain more water than Earth's groundwater, lakes, rivers and atmospheric water combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving tectonic plates, which interact to produce mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Earth has a liquid outer core that generates a magnetosphere capable of deflecting most of the destructive solar winds and cosmic radiation.
Earth has a dynamic atmosphere, which sustains Earth's surface conditions and protects it from most meteoroids and UV-light at entry. It has a composition of primarily nitrogen and oxygen. Water vapor is widely present in the atmosphere, forming clouds that cover most of the planet. The water vapor acts as a greenhouse gas and, together with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), creates the conditions for both liquid surface water and water vapor to persist via the capturing of energy from the Sun's light. This process maintains the current average surface temperature of 14.76 °C (58.57 °F), at which water is liquid under normal atmospheric pressure. Differences in the amount of captured energy between geographic regions (as with the equatorial region receiving more sunlight than the polar regions) drive atmospheric and ocean currents, producing a global climate system with different climate regions, and a range of weather phenomena such as precipitation, allowing components such as nitrogen to cycle. (Full article...) - Image 4The Big Raven Plateau at the northern end of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex consists of several lava flows that have issued from multiple volcanoes in the last 7.5 million years
The Mount Edziza volcanic complex (MEVC) in British Columbia, Canada, has a history of volcanism that spans more than 7 million years. It has taken place during five cycles of magmatic activity, each producing less volcanic material than the previous one. Volcanism during these cycles has created several types of volcanoes, including cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, subglacial volcanoes, shield volcanoes and lava domes. The approximately 1,000-square-kilometre (400-square-mile) volcanic plateau forming the base of the MEVC originated from the successive eruptions of highly mobile lava flows. Volcanic rocks such as basalt, trachybasalt, benmoreite, tristanite, mugearite, trachyte and rhyolite were deposited by multiple eruptions of the MEVC; the latter six rock types are products of varying degrees of magmatic differentiation in underground magma reservoirs. At least 10 distinct flows of obsidian were produced by volcanism of the MEVC, some of which were exploited by indigenous peoples in prehistoric times to make tools and weaponry. Renewed volcanism could produce explosive eruptions and block local streams with lava flows.
The first magmatic cycle took place between 7.5 and 6 million years ago and is represented by the Raspberry, Little Iskut and Armadillo geological formations, each of which is the product of a different eruptive period. Three distinct periods of eruptive activity also characterized the second magmatic cycle between 6 and 1 million years ago; they are represented by the Nido, Spectrum and Pyramid geological formations. The third magmatic cycle about 1 million years ago is represented by the Ice Peak, Pillow Ridge and Edziza geological formations, each of which is also the product of a distinct eruptive period. Three distinct periods of eruptive activity also characterized the fourth magmatic cycle between 0.8 and 0.2 million years ago which are represented by the Arctic Lake, Klastline and Kakiddi geological formations. The fifth magmatic cycle began at least 20,000 years ago and may be ongoing; the single distinct eruptive period of this magmatic cycle is represented by the Big Raven Formation. (Full article...) - Image 5
The 1949 Ambato earthquake was the deadliest earthquake in the Western Hemisphere in five years. On August 5, 1949, it struck Ecuador's Tungurahua Province southeast of its capital Ambato and killed 5,050 people. Measuring 6.4 on the Ms scale, it originated from a hypocenter 15 km beneath the surface. The nearby villages of Guano, Patate, Pelileo, and Pillaro were destroyed, and the city of Ambato suffered heavy damage. The earthquake flattened buildings and subsequent landslides caused damage throughout the Tungurahua, Chimborazo, and Cotopaxi Provinces. It disrupted water mains and communication lines and opened a fissure into which the small town of Libertad sank. Moderate shaking from the event extended as far away as Quito and Guayaquil.
Earthquakes in Ecuador stem from two major interrelated tectonic areas: the subduction of the Nazca plate under the South American plate and the Andean Volcanic Belt. The 1949 Ambato earthquake initially followed an intersection of several northwest–southeast-trending faults in the Inter-Andean Valley which were created by the subduction of the Carnegie Ridge. Strata of rock cracked as the earthquake ruptured the faults, sending out powerful shock waves. Today threats exist throughout the country from both interplate and intraplate seismicity. (Full article...) - Image 6The Volcano with thick black scoria in the foreground
The Volcano, also known as Lava Fork volcano, is a small cinder cone in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is located approximately 60 km (40 mi) northwest of the small community of Stewart near the head of Lava Fork. With a summit elevation of 1,656 m (5,433 ft) and a topographic prominence of 311 m (1,020 ft), it rises above the surrounding rugged landscape on a remote mountain ridge that represents the northern flank of a glaciated U-shaped valley.
Lava Fork volcano is associated with a small group of volcanoes called the Iskut volcanic field. This forms part of the much larger Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, which extends from the Alaska–Yukon border to near the port city of Prince Rupert, British Columbia. Eruptive activity at The Volcano is relatively young compared to most other volcanoes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. Geologic studies have shown that The Volcano and its eruptive products were emplaced in the last 400 years; this is well after the last glacial period, which ended about 10,000 years ago. (Full article...) - Image 7Anning with her dog, Tray, painted before 1842; the hill Golden Cap can be seen in the background
Mary Anning (21 May 1799 – 9 March 1847) was an English fossil collector, dealer, and palaeontologist. She became known internationally for her discoveries in Jurassic marine fossil beds in the cliffs along the English Channel at Lyme Regis in the county of Dorset, Southwest England. Anning's findings contributed to changes in scientific thinking about prehistoric life and the history of the Earth.
Anning searched for fossils in the area's Blue Lias and Charmouth Mudstone cliffs, particularly during the winter months when landslides exposed new fossils that had to be collected quickly before they were lost to the sea. Her discoveries included the first correctly identified ichthyosaur skeleton when she was twelve years old; the first two nearly complete plesiosaur skeletons; the first pterosaur skeleton located outside Germany; and fish fossils. Her observations played a key role in the discovery that coprolites, known as bezoar stones at the time, were fossilised faeces, and she also discovered that belemnite fossils contained fossilised ink sacs like those of modern cephalopods. (Full article...) - Image 8
Kathryn Dwyer Sullivan (born October 3, 1951) is an American geologist, oceanographer, and former NASA astronaut and US Navy officer. She was a crew member on three Space Shuttle missions.
A graduate of University of California, Santa Cruz, in the United States, and Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia, Canada—where she earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in geology in 1978—Sullivan was selected as one of the six women among the 35 astronaut candidate in NASA Astronaut Group 8, the first group to include women. During her training, she became the first woman to be certified to wear a United States Air Force pressure suit, and on July 1, 1979, she set an unofficial sustained American aviation altitude record for women. During her first mission, STS-41-G, Sullivan performed the first extra-vehicular activity (EVA) by an American woman. On her second, STS-31, she helped deploy the Hubble Space Telescope. On the third, STS-45, she served as Payload Commander on the first Spacelab mission dedicated to NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. (Full article...) - Image 9
A map of Resolution Guyot's bathymetric relief
Resolution Guyot (formerly known as Huevo) is a guyot (tablemount) in the underwater Mid-Pacific Mountains in the Pacific Ocean. It is a circular flat mountain, rising 500 metres (1,600 ft) above the seafloor to a depth of about 1,320 metres (4,330 ft), with a 35-kilometre-wide (22-mile) summit platform. The Mid-Pacific Mountains lie west of Hawaii and northeast of the Marshall Islands, but at the time of its formation, the guyot was located in the Southern Hemisphere.
The guyot was probably formed by a hotspot in today's French Polynesia before plate tectonics shifted it to its present-day location. The Easter, Marquesas, Pitcairn and Society hotspots, among others, may have been involved in the formation of Resolution Guyot. Volcanic activity has been dated to have occurred 107–129 million years ago and formed a volcanic island that was subsequently flattened by erosion. Carbonate deposition commenced, forming an atoll-like structure and a carbonate platform. (Full article...) - Image 10Mauna Loa as seen from the air.
Hualālai is visible in the background.
Mauna Loa (/ˌmɔːnə ˈloʊ.ə, ˌmaʊnə -/, Hawaiian: [ˈmɐwnə ˈlowə]; lit. 'Long Mountain') is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. Mauna Loa is Earth's largest active volcano by both mass and volume. It was historically considered to be the largest volcano on Earth until Tamu Massif was discovered to be larger. Mauna Loa is a shield volcano with relatively gentle slopes, and a volume estimated at 18,000 cubic miles (75,000 km3), although its peak is about 125 feet (38 m) lower than that of its neighbor, Mauna Kea. Lava eruptions from Mauna Loa are silica-poor and very fluid, and tend to be non-explosive.
Mauna Loa has likely been erupting for at least 700,000 years, and may have emerged above sea level about 400,000 years ago. Some dated rocks are 470,000 years old. The volcano's magma comes from the Hawaii hotspot, which has been responsible for the creation of the Hawaiian Island chain over tens of millions of years. The slow drift of the Pacific Plate will eventually carry Mauna Loa away from the hotspot within 500,000 to one million years from now, at which point it will become extinct. (Full article...)
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Важнейшие статьи для понимания геологии.
Ледяной керн — это образец керна , который обычно извлекается из ледяного покрова или высокогорного ледника . Поскольку лед образуется из постепенного нарастания годовых слоев снега, нижние слои старше верхних, а ледяной керн содержит лед, образовавшийся в течение ряда лет. Керны бурятся ручными бурами ( для неглубоких скважин) или электрическими бурами; они могут достигать глубины более двух миль (3,2 км) и содержать лед возрастом до 800 000 лет. ( Полная статья... )
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Избранные биографические статьи в разделе «Геология»
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Морис Люжон FRS(For) H FRSE FGS (10 июля 1870 г. – 23 октября 1953 г.) был швейцарским геологом и пионером тектоники покровных пластов . Он был учеником Эжена Реневье . Названный в честь Мориса Люжона, люжон является мерой проницаемости горных пород, определяемой путем нагнетания воды под давлением через скважину, пробуренную в горной породе. Один люжон (Лю) эквивалентен одному литру воды в минуту, нагнетаемому в 1 метр скважины при давлении нагнетания 10 атмосфер. ( Полная статья... )
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Знаете ли вы это о геологии?
- ... что Карен Хангхой , лауреат медали Уильяма Смита 2023 года по прикладной геологии, стала первой женщиной- директором Британской геологической службы , спустя 183 года после ее основания?
- ... что датский геолог Туве Биркелунд получила золотую медаль за свою раннюю работу по изучению окаменелостей скафитов в Гренландии?
- ... что геология гор Эллсуорт была исследована геологами с помощью моторных саней в 1961 году?
- ... что спектрометр солнечного ветра Аполлона-12 обнаружил газоионную ударную волну , возникшую при ударе ступени S-IVB Аполлона-13 о поверхность Луны ?
- ... что Фредерик Мюррей Троттер сделал выдающуюся карьеру полевого геолога, несмотря на то, что во время Первой мировой войны он потерял часть черепа и глаз из-за осколка?
- ... что уровень грунтовых вод прибрежной водоносной системы меняется с приливом?
- ... что с 1904 по 1911 год Артур Льюис Холл преодолел 17 479 миль (28 130 км), в основном пешком, чтобы составить геологическую карту Трансвааля ?
- ... что английский геолог-любитель Шарлотта Эйтон написала ряд статей и брошюр по геологии Рекина , части Шропшира, между 1862 и 1870 годами?
Топ-10 WikiProject Geology Популярные статьи месяца
Следующая статья по геологии является одной из самых посещаемых статей WikiProject Geology . Полный список см. на Wikipedia:WikiProject Geology/Популярные страницы .
- Image 1«Голубой мрамор» , Аполлон-17 , декабрь 1972 г.
Земля — третья планета от Солнца и единственныйизвестный астрономический объект , на котором обитает жизнь . Это возможно благодаря тому, что Земля является океаническим миром , единственным в Солнечной системе, поддерживающим жидкую поверхностную воду . Почти вся вода Земли содержится в ее мировом океане, покрывающем 70,8% земной коры . Остальные 29,2% земной коры — это суша, большая часть которой расположена в виде континентальных массивов суши в пределах полушария суши Земли. Большая часть суши Земли довольно влажная и покрыта растительностью , в то время как большие пласты льда в полярных пустынях Земли удерживают больше воды, чем грунтовые воды Земли, озера, реки и атмосферная вода вместе взятые. Земная кора состоит из медленно движущихся тектонических плит , которые взаимодействуют, образуя горные хребты, вулканы и землетрясения. Земля имеет жидкое внешнее ядро , которое генерирует магнитосферу, способную отклонять большую часть разрушительных солнечных ветров и космической радиации . ( Полная статья... ) - Image 2
Mount Everest, known locally as Sagarmatha or Qomolangma, is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas. The China–Nepal border runs across its summit point. Its elevation (snow height) of 8,848.86 m (29,031 ft 8+1⁄2 in) was most recently established in 2020 by the Chinese and Nepali authorities. (Full article...) - Image 3
Animated, colour-coded map showing some continents and the region of Oceania (purple), which includes the continent of Australia. Depending on the convention and model, some continents may be consolidated or subdivided.
A continent is any of several large geographical regions. Continents are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria. A continent could be a single landmass or a part of a very large landmass, as in the case of Asia or Europe. Due to this, the number of continents varies; up to seven or as few as four geographical regions are commonly regarded as continents. Most English-speaking countries recognize seven regions as continents. In order from largest to smallest in area, these seven regions are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Different variations with fewer continents merge some of these regions; examples of this are merging North America and South America into America, Asia and Europe into Eurasia, and Africa, Asia, and Europe into Afro-Eurasia. (Full article...) - Image 4
The Chicxulub crater (IPA: [t͡ʃikʃuˈluɓ] cheek-shoo-LOOB) is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Its center is offshore, but the crater is named after the onshore community of Chicxulub Pueblo (not the larger coastal town of Chicxulub Puerto). It was formed slightly over 66 million years ago when an asteroid, about ten kilometers (six miles) in diameter, struck Earth. The crater is estimated to be 200 kilometers (120 miles) in diameter and 1 kilometer (0.62 miles) in depth. It is believed to be the second largest impact structure on Earth, and the only one whose peak ring is intact and directly accessible for scientific research. (Full article...) - Image 5Darwin, c. 1854, when he was preparing On the Origin of Species
Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS JP (/ˈdɑːrwɪn/ DAR-win; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor is now generally accepted and considered a fundamental scientific concept. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history and was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey. (Full article...) - Image 6
Changes in surface air temperature over the past 50 years. The Arctic has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than sea surface temperatures.
Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global temperatures is driven by human activities, especially fossil fuel burning since the Industrial Revolution. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices release greenhouse gases. These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years. (Full article...) - Image 7Gold is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Au (from Latin aurum) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal, a group 11 element, and one of the noble metals. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, being the second-lowest in the reactivity series. It is solid under standard conditions. (Full article...)
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Location of the Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench is an oceanic trench located in the western Pacific Ocean, about 200 kilometres (124 mi) east of the Mariana Islands; it is the deepest oceanic trench on Earth. It is crescent-shaped and measures about 2,550 km (1,580 mi) in length and 69 km (43 mi) in width. The maximum known depth is 10,984 ± 25 metres (36,037 ± 82 ft; 6,006 ± 14 fathoms; 6.825 ± 0.016 mi) at the southern end of a small slot-shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep. The deepest point of the trench is more than 2 km (1.2 mi) farther from sea level than the peak of Mount Everest. (Full article...) - Image 9
Asbestos (/æsˈbɛstəs, æz-, -tɒs/ ass-BES-təs, az-, -toss) is a naturally occurring, carcinogenic, fibrous silicate mineral. There are six types, all of which are composed of long and thin fibrous crystals, each fibre (particulate with length substantially greater than width) being composed of many microscopic "fibrils" that can be released into the atmosphere by abrasion and other processes. Inhalation of asbestos fibres can lead to various dangerous lung conditions, including mesothelioma, asbestosis, and lung cancer. As a result of these health effects, asbestos is considered a serious health and safety hazard. (Full article...) - Image 10
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami at Ao Nang, Krabi Province, Thailand
A tsunami (/(t)suːˈnɑːmi, (t)sʊˈ-/ (t)soo-NAH-mee, (t)suu-; from Japanese: 津波, lit. 'harbour wave', pronounced [tsɯnami]) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and underwater explosions (including detonations, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are in turn generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water from a large event. (Full article...)
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- Image 1Карта: Грандиозная , на основе карты Геологической службы США.Геологическая карта национального парка Йосемити ( в полный размер ), на которой показан гранодиорит Cathedral Peak , крупнейший комплекс интрузивной свиты Туолумне, которая, в свою очередь, является крупнейшей гранитной свитой в парке.
Гранодиорит Cathedral Peak
Остальная часть интрузивной свиты Туолумне - Image 2Map: Strebe, using GeocartThe Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection is a projection used for mapping a sphere to a disk. It accurately represents area in all regions of the sphere, but it does not accurately represent angles. It is used in scientific disciplines such as geology for plotting the orientations of lines in three-dimensional space, and by the National Atlas of the US in its online map-making application.
- Image 3Curiosity is a car-sized rover designed to explore the crater Gale on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission. It was launched from Cape Canaveral in November 2011 and landed on Aeolis Palus inside Gale on August 6, 2012, at 05:17 UTC. Curiosity's landing site, nicknamed Bradbury Landing, was less than 2.4 km (1.5 mi) from the center of the rover's touchdown target after a 560-million km (350-million mi) journey. The rover's goals include an investigation of the Martian climate and geology; assessment of whether the selected field site inside Gale has ever offered environmental conditions favorable for microbial life, including investigation of the role of water; as well as planetary habitability studies in preparation for human exploration.
This picture is a self-portrait of Curiosity on Mars at the "Big Sky" drilling site, where it collected a rock sample at the foothills of Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp) in October 2015. The photograph combines dozens of images taken by the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) camera at the end of the rover's robotic arm; the arm itself is not included, although its shadow is visible on the ground. Wrist motions and turret rotations on the arm allowed MAHLI to acquire the mosaic's component images. - Image 4Image credit: Galileo spacecraftThis false-color mosaic showing compositional variations in the geology of the Moon was constructed from a series of 53 images taken through three spectral filters by the imaging system of the Galileo spacecraft. Bright pinkish areas are highlands materials, such as those surrounding the oval lava-filled Mare Crisium impact basin toward the bottom. Blue to orange shades indicate volcanic lava flows. To the left of Crisium, the dark blue Mare Tranquillitatis is richer in titanium than the green and orange maria above it. Thin mineral-rich soils associated with relatively recent impacts are represented by light blue colors. The monochrome band on the right edge shows the unretouched surface of the moon.
- Image 5Cartographic relief depiction showing the varying age of bedrock underlying North America. This image combines a geologic map and a shaded relief image. This combination reveals the geologic history of North America through the interrelation of rock type, topography and time. Regional surface processes as well as continent-scale tectonic events are exposed in the three dimensions of space and the fourth dimension, geologic time. From most recent to oldest, age is indicated by color: yellow, green, blue, red.
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