1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections
House elections for the 45th U.S. Congress

1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections
← 1874 & 1875June 5, 1876 – March 1877[a][b]1878 & 1879 →
All 293 seats in the United States House of Representatives
147 seats needed for a majority
 Majority partyMinority party
 
LeaderSamuel J. RandallJames A. Garfield
PartyDemocraticRepublican
Leader's seatPennsylvania 3rdOhio 19th
Last election180 seats103 seats
Seats won155[1][c]136[c]
Seat changeDecrease 25Increase 33
Popular vote4,220,4803,825,311
Percentage51.27%46.47%
SwingIncrease 2.15%Increase 2.09%
 Third party
 
PartyIndependent
Last election4 seats[d][e]
Seats won2[f]
Seat changeDecrease 2
Popular vote96,318
Percentage1.17%
SwingDecrease 3.27%
Map of U.S. House elections results from 1876 elections for 45th Congress
Speaker before election

Vacancy
Democratic

Elected Speaker

Samuel Randall
Democratic

The 1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 5, 1876, and March 13, 1877. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 45th United States Congress convened on October 15, 1877. The size of the House increased to 293 seats with the addition of the new state of Colorado.

These elections coincided with the (heavily contested) election of President Rutherford B. Hayes and the United States Centennial. Hayes' Republican Party was able to recover from the Democratic Party many of the seats it had lost two years before as the economy improved slightly. However, the Democrats retained a majority and were able to use the disinterest of the people in Republican Reconstruction led projects to help keep crucial seats. Republican congressional leadership had a difficult time distancing itself from the corruption of the Ulysses S. Grant administration or the legislature's impact on the economy downturn.

Election summaries

↓
157136
DemocraticRepublican
StateTypeTotal
seats		DemocraticRepublican
SeatsChangeSeatsChange
AlabamaDistrict88Increase 20Decrease 2
ArkansasDistrict44[g]Steady0Steady
CaliforniaDistrict42Decrease 12Increase 1
ColoradoAt-large11Increase 10Decrease 1
ConnecticutDistrict43Steady1Steady
DelawareAt-large11Steady0Steady
FloridaDistrict22Increase 10Decrease 1
GeorgiaDistrict99[g]Steady0Steady
IllinoisDistrict198Decrease 211Increase 4
IndianaDistrict134Decrease 49Increase 4
IowaDistrict90Decrease 19Increase 1
KansasDistrict30Decrease 13Increase 1
KentuckyDistrict1010Increase 10Decrease 1
LouisianaDistrict65Increase 11Decrease 1
MaineDistrict50Steady5Steady
MarylandDistrict66Steady0Steady
MassachusettsDistrict112Decrease 19Increase 4
MichiganDistrict91Decrease 28Increase 2
MinnesotaDistrict30Steady3Steady
MississippiDistrict66Increase 20Decrease 2
MissouriDistrict139Decrease 44Increase 4
NebraskaAt-large10Steady1Steady
NevadaAt-large10Steady1Steady
New Hampshire[h]District31Decrease 12Increase 1
New JerseyDistrict74Decrease 13Increase 1
New YorkDistrict3316Decrease 117Increase 1
North CarolinaDistrict87Steady1Steady
OhioDistrict208Decrease 512Increase 5
OregonAt-large10Decrease 11Increase 1
PennsylvaniaDistrict2710Decrease 717Increase 7
Rhode IslandDistrict20Steady2Steady
South CarolinaDistrict52Increase 23Decrease 2
TennesseeDistrict108Decrease 12Increase 1
TexasDistrict66Steady0Steady
VermontDistrict30Steady3Steady
VirginiaDistrict98Steady1Steady
West VirginiaDistrict33Steady0Steady
WisconsinDistrict83Steady5Steady
Total293157[1][f]
53.6%		Decrease 27136[1]
46.4%		Increase 31
Popular vote
Democratic
 
51.27%
Independent
 
1.17%
Republican
 
46.47%
Others
 
1.09%
House seats
Democratic
 
52.90%
Independent
 
0.68%
Republican
 
46.42%

The previous election included 4 Independents, in Illinois and Massachusetts.

Results shaded according to winning candidate's share of the vote
House seats by party holding plurality in state
  80+% Democratic
  80+% Republican
  60+ to 80% Democratic
  60+ to 80% Republican
  Up to 60% Democratic
  Up to 60% Republican
Net gain in party representation
  6+ Democratic gain
  6+ Republican gain
  3-5 Democratic gain
  3-5 Republican gain
  1-2 Democratic gain
  1-2 Republican gain
  no net change

Election dates

In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors.[2] This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the states moved their congressional elections to this date as well. In 1876–77, there were still 8 states with earlier election dates, and 1 state with a later election date.

Elections before Election Day (United States):

  • June 5: Oregon
  • September 5: Vermont
  • September 11: Maine
  • October 4:Georgia
  • October 10: Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, West Virginia

Standard Election Day:

  • November 7, 1876

Election after Election Day:

  • March 13, 1877: New Hampshire

Special elections

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Connecticut 3Henry H. StarkweatherRepublican1867Incumbent died January 28, 1876.
New member elected April 12, 1876.
Republican hold.
Winner later re-elected to the next term; see below.
  • ▌Green tickY John T. Wait (Republican) 54.5%
  • ▌David A. Welles (Democratic) 42.9%
  • ▌Elisha H. Palmer (Prohibition) 2.6%[3]
Connecticut 4William BarnumDemocratic1867Incumbent resigned May 18, 1876, when elected U.S. senator.
New member elected November 7, 1876.
Democratic hold.
Winner also elected to the next term; see below.
  • ▌Green tickY Levi Warner (Democratic) 52.5%
  • ▌Robbert Hubbard (Republican) 47.2%
  • ▌Elias B. Hilliard (Prohibition) 0.2%[3]
Indiana 2
Indiana 3
Maine 3James G. BlaineRepublican1862Incumbent resigned July 10, 1876.
New member elected September 11, 1876.
Republican hold.
Winner retired after serving out the remainder of the term.
  • ▌Green tickY Edwin Flye (Republican) 54.85%
  • ▌Isaac Reed (Democratic) 45.15%

Alabama

Alabama redistricted and eliminated its at-large seats, going from 6 districts and 2 at-large seats to 8 districts. The state also elected a full delegation of Democrats, voting out the two Republicans.

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Alabama 1Charles Hays
Redistricted from the 4th district		Republican1872Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
Alabama 2New districtNew seat.
Democratic gain.
Alabama 3Jeremiah Norman Williams
Redistricted from the 2nd district		Democratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Alabama 4Jeremiah Haralson
Redistricted from the 1st district		Republican1874Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Alabama 5New districtNew seat.
Democratic gain.
  • ▌Green tickY Robert F. Ligon (Democratic) 65.77%
  • ▌D. B. Booth (Republican) 34.23%[8]
Alabama 6Goldsmith W. HewittDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Burwell Boykin Lewis
Redistricted from the at-large district		Democratic1874Incumbent lost renomination.
Democratic loss.
Alabama 7William Henry Forney
Redistricted from the at-large district		Democratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Taul Bradford
Redistricted from the 3rd district		Democratic1874Incumbent retired.
Democratic loss.
John H. Caldwell
Redistricted from the 5th district		Democratic1872Incumbent retired.
Democratic loss.
Alabama 8New districtNew seat.
Democratic gain.
  • ▌Green tickY William W. Garth (Democratic) 62.0%
  • ▌John B. McClellan (Ind. Democratic) 38.0%[11]

Arkansas

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates[12]
Arkansas 1Lucien C. GauseDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Arkansas 2William F. SlemonsDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Arkansas 3William W. WilshireDemocratic1872
1874 (lost contest)
1874		Incumbent retired.
Independent Democratic gain.
Arkansas 4Thomas M. GunterDemocratic1872Incumbent re-elected.

California

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
California 1William Adam PiperDemocratic1875Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • ▌Green tickY Horace Davis (Republican) 53.3%
  • ▌William A. Piper (Democratic) 46.7%
California 2Horace F. PageRepublican1872Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Horace F. Page (Republican) 56.7%
  • ▌G. J. Carpenter (Democratic) 43.3%
California 3John K. LuttrellDemocratic1872Incumbent re-elected.
California 4Peter D. WiggintonDemocratic1875Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.

Colorado

There were two elections to the new state of Colorado.

44th Congress

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Colorado at-largeNew districtNew seat.
Republican gain.

45th Congress

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Colorado at-largeJames B. BelfordRepublican1876Incumbent re-elected.
Election was later successfully challenged by the challenger.

Connecticut

Connecticut had been electing is members late in the cycle, even after the terms had begun. But starting in 1876, the state joined the others in electing its members on the November 7, 1876 Election Day. The delegation remained 3 Democrats and 1 Republican.

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates[13]
Connecticut 1George M. LandersDemocratic1875Incumbent re-elected.
Connecticut 2James PhelpsDemocratic1875Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY James Phelps (Democratic) 53.8%
  • ▌Stephen W. Kellogg (Republican) 46.3%
Connecticut 3John T. WaitRepublican1876 (special)Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John T. Wait (Republican) 54.2%
  • ▌Waller (Democratic) 45.8%
Connecticut 4William BarnumDemocratic1867Incumbent resigned May 18, 1876, when elected U.S. senator.
Democratic hold.
Winner also elected to finish the current term; see above.
  • ▌Green tickY Levi Warner (Democratic) 52.7%
  • ▌Robbert Hubbard (Republican) 47.4%

Delaware

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Delaware at-largeJames WilliamsDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.

Florida

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Florida 1William J. PurmanRepublican1872Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Florida 2Jesse J. FinleyDemocratic1874[i]Incumbent lost re-election.[j]
Republican gain.

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Maine 1John H. BurleighRepublican1872Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican hold.
Maine 2William P. FryeRepublican1870Incumbent re-elected.
Maine 3VacantRep. James G. Blaine (R) resigned July 10, 1876.
Republican hold.
Concurrent special election held to serve out the unexpired term; the winner did not stand for the regular election.
  • ▌Green tickY Stephen Lindsey (Republican) 55.18%
  • ▌Edward K. O'Brien (Democratic) 44.83%
Maine 4Harris M. PlaistedRepublican1875 (special)Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Llewellyn Powers (Republican) 53.83%
  • ▌John P. Donworth (Democratic) 42.12%
  • ▌Lyndon Oak (Independent Republican) 4.05%
Maine 5Eugene HaleRepublican1868Incumbent re-elected.

Maryland

Massachusetts

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Massachusetts 1William W. CrapoRepublican1875 (special)Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 2Benjamin W. HarrisRepublican1872Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 3Henry L. PierceRepublican1874Incumbent retired.
New member elected after initial result overturned.
Democratic gain.
Massachusetts 4Josiah Gardner AbbottDemocratic1874Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
Massachusetts 5Nathaniel P. BanksRepublican1874Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 6Charles Perkins ThompsonDemocratic1874Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Massachusetts 7John K. TarboxDemocratic1874Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Massachusetts 8John M. S. WilliamsDemocratic1874Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Massachusetts 9George F. HoarRepublican1868Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senate.
Republican hold.
Massachusetts 10Charles A. StevensRepublican1875 (special)Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Amasa Norcross (Republican) 63.86%
  • ▌Samuel O. Lamb (Democratic) 36.14%
Massachusetts 11Chester W. ChapinDemocratic1874Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Mississippi 1Lucius Q. C. LamarDemocratic1872Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.
Democratic hold.
Mississippi 2G. Wiley WellsRepublican1874Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
  • ▌Green tickY Van. H. Manning (Democratic) 61.74%
  • ▌Thomas Watson (Republican) 38.26%[15]
Mississippi 3Hernando MoneyDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Hernando Money (Democratic) 73.96%
  • ▌W. W. Chisholm (Republican) 26.04%[16]
Mississippi 4Otho R. SingletonDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Mississippi 5Charles E. HookerDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Mississippi 6John R. LynchRepublican1872Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.

Missouri

Nebraska

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Nebraska at-largeLorenzo CrounseRepublican1872Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.

Nevada

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Nevada at-largeWilliam WoodburnRepublican1874Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Thomas Wren (Republican) 52.3%
  • ▌A. C. Ellis (Democratic) 47.7%

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
South Carolina 1Joseph RaineyRepublican1870 (special)Incumbent re-elected.
South Carolina 2Edmund W. M. MackeyIndependent
Republican		1874Seat declared vacant July 19, 1876, due to contested election.
Republican gain.
South Carolina 3Solomon L. HogeRepublican1874Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
South Carolina 4Alexander S. WallaceRepublican1868Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
South Carolina 5Robert SmallsRepublican1874Incumbent re-elected.

Tennessee

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Tennessee 1William McFarlandDemocratic1874Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Tennessee 2Jacob M. ThornburghRepublican1872Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 3George G. DibrellDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 4Haywood Y. RiddleDemocratic1875 (special)Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Haywood Y. Riddle (Democratic) 70.59%
  • ▌R. A. Cox (Democratic) 20.93%
  • ▌R. F. Patton (Republican) 8.48%[24]
Tennessee 5John M. BrightDemocratic1870Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John M. Bright (Democratic) 73.98%
  • ▌Robert Galbraith (Republican) 26.02%[25]
Tennessee 6John F. HouseDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 7Washington C. WhitthorneDemocratic1870Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Washington C. Whitthorne (Democratic) 68.57%
  • ▌D. B. Cliff (Republican) 21.11%
  • ▌G. W. Blackburn (Independent Republican) 10.32%[27]
Tennessee 8John D. C. AtkinsDemocratic1872Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John D. C. Atkins (Democratic) 61.78%
  • ▌Samuel W. Hawkins (Republican) 38.22%[28]
Tennessee 9William P. CaldwellDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.

Texas

Vermont

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates[30]
Vermont 1Charles H. JoyceRepublican1874Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 2Dudley C. DenisonIndependent
Republican		1874Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.
Republican gain.
Vermont 3George HendeeRepublican1872Incumbent re-elected.

Virginia

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates[31]
Virginia 1Beverly B. DouglasDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 2John GoodeDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John Goode (Democratic) 53.0%
  • ▌Joseph Secar (Republican) 47.0%
Virginia 3Gilbert C. WalkerDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 4William H. H. StowellRepublican1870Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Joseph Jorgensen (Republican) 51.9%
  • ▌William E. Hunton (Democratic) 46.7%
  • ▌M. De R. Mortie (Republican) 1.4%
Virginia 5George CabellDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY George Cabell (Democratic) 60.6%
  • ▌Daniel S. Lewis (Republican) 39.4%
Virginia 6J. Randolph TuckerDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 7John T. HarrisDemocratic1870Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John T. Harris (Democratic) 73.3%
  • ▌Everett W. Early (Republican) 26.7%
Virginia 8Eppa HuntonDemocratic1872Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Eppa Hunton (Democratic) 62.1%
  • ▌I. C. O'Neal (Republican) 37.9%
Virginia 9William TerryDemocratic1874Incumbent lost renomination.
Democratic hold.

West Virginia

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
West Virginia 1Benjamin WilsonDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Benjamin Wilson (Democratic) 52.70%
  • ▌G. F. Scott (Republican) 47.30%[32]
West Virginia 2Charles J. FaulknerDemocratic1874Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.
Democratic hold.
West Virginia 3Frank HerefordDemocratic1870Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.
Democratic hold.
  • ▌Green tickY John E. Kenna (Democratic) 61.47%
  • ▌Benjamin J. Redmund (Republican) 38.53%[34]

Wisconsin

Wisconsin elected eight members of congress on Election Day, November 7, 1876.[35][36]

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates[citation needed]
Wisconsin 1Charles G. WilliamsRepublican1872Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 2Lucien B. CaswellRepublican1874Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 3Henry S. MagoonRepublican1870Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican hold.
Wisconsin 4William Pitt LyndeDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 5Samuel D. BurchardDemocratic1874Incumbent lost renomination.
Democratic hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Edward S. Bragg (Democratic) 58.2%
  • ▌George W. Carter (Republican) 41.8%
Wisconsin 6Alanson M. KimballRepublican1874Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Wisconsin 7Jeremiah McLain RuskRepublican1870Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican hold.
Wisconsin 8George W. CateDemocratic1874Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.

Non-voting delegates

DistrictIncumbentThis race
DelegatePartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Arizona Territory at-large
Dakota Territory at-largeJefferson P. KidderRepublican1874Incumbent re-elected.
Idaho Territory at-largeStephen S. FennDemocratic1874Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Stephen S. Fenn (Democratic) 53.93%
  • ▌John Clark (Republican) 46.07%[38]
Montana Territory at-largeMartin MaginnisDemocratic1872Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Martin Maginnis (Democratic) 56.22%
  • ▌E. D. Leavitt (Republican) 43.78%[39]
New Mexico Territory at-large
Washington Territory at-large
Wyoming Territory at-largeWilliam R. SteeleDemocratic1872Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Regular elections, not specials
  2. ^ Most states held their elections November 7, 1876.
  3. ^ a b There is a significant discrepancy for the party totals in the U.S House resulting from the 1874 elections between Dubin (p. 241, who records 150 Democrats, 2 Independent Democrats, and 141 Republicans), and Martis (pp. 130–131). The discrepancy seems to be accounted for by the fact that Dubin's party figures represent the party totals on the first day of the 45th United States Congress, while Martis' figures take into account the results of later contested elections (all of which were decided in favor of the Democratic candidates who challenged the election results).
  4. ^ Included 1 Independent Democrat.
  5. ^ Included 3 Independent Republicans.
  6. ^ a b Includes 2 Independent Democrats
  7. ^ a b Includes 1 Independent Democrat.
  8. ^ Elections held late
  9. ^ After disputed election
  10. ^ The election in the Florida's 2nd district was extremely close, with initial returns showing a difference between the two candidates of only 3 votes. Finley challenged Bisbee's election and was eventually seated on February 20, 1879.

References

  1. ^ a b c Martis, p. 130–131.
  2. ^ Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721.
  3. ^ a b "State of Connecticut Elections Database » Search Past Election Results". State of Connecticut Elections Database. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  4. ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 1 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  5. ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 2 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  6. ^ "Our Campaigns - AL - District 03 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  7. ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 4 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  8. ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 5 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  9. ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 6 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  10. ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 7 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  11. ^ "Our Campaigns - AL District 8 Race - Nov 07, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  12. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1058. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.
  13. ^ "Login: CQ Voting and Elections Collection". library.cqpress.com. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
  14. ^ "MS - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  15. ^ "MS - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  16. ^ "MS - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  17. ^ "MS - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  18. ^ "MS - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  19. ^ "MS - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  20. ^ "Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Nov 7, 1876". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
  21. ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  22. ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  23. ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  24. ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  25. ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  26. ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  27. ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  28. ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  29. ^ "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  30. ^ "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  31. ^ "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  32. ^ "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  33. ^ "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  34. ^ "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  35. ^ "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  36. ^ Bashford, R. M., ed. (1878). "Official Directory: Members of Congress". The legislative manual of the state of Wisconsin (Report). Madison, Wisconsin: State of Wisconsin. pp. 449–452. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  37. ^ "DK Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  38. ^ "ID Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  39. ^ "MT Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  40. ^ "WY Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 11, 2021.

Bibliography

  • Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
  • Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
  • Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
  • "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
  • Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)
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