Региональная компания Bell Operating Company

Региональная компания Bell Operating Company ( RBOC ) была корпоративным образованием, созданным в результате антимонопольного иска Министерства юстиции США против Американской телефонной и телеграфной компании (AT&T) в 1974 году ( Соединенные Штаты против AT&T ) и урегулированным в соответствии с Модификацией окончательного решения от 8 января 1982 года.

AT&T согласилась продать свои местные компании, предоставляющие услуги по обмену телефонной связью, начиная с 1 января 1984 года. Группа местных компаний, предоставляющих услуги, была разделена на семь независимых региональных компаний Bell Operating Companies, которые стали известны как Baby Bells . ^[1]

RBOC изначально были известны как региональные холдинговые компании (RHC). Три компании все еще существуют, имея RBOC в качестве предшественника: AT&T , Verizon и Lumen Technologies (ранее CenturyTel и CenturyLink). Некоторые другие компании удерживают более мелкие сегменты компаний.

«Baby Bell» — это местная телефонная компания в США, которая существовала на момент разделения AT&T на образовавшиеся региональные компании Bell Operating Companies (RBOC). Иногда их также называют «ILEC» (Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier), это была бывшая Bell System или независимая телефонная компания, отвечающая за предоставление услуг местной телефонной станции в указанной географической области.

После внесения изменений в Окончательный приговор получившиеся в результате «Бэби Беллс» изначально получили следующие названия:

• Америтех
• Белл Атлантик
• BellSouth
• НАЙНЕКС
• Пасифик Телесис
• Юго-западный колокол
• Запад США

До 1984 года AT&T Corp. также имела инвестиции в двух меньших и в остальном независимых компаниях, Cincinnati Bell и Southern New England Telephone (SNET). После распада в 1984 году они также стали полностью независимыми. Всем девяти холдинговым компаниям местных телефонных станций была назначена доля прав на торговую марку Bell.

После продажи активов AT&T Corp. было запрещено использовать название или логотип Bell (за исключением Bell Laboratories компании AT&T ) и те товарные знаки, которые будут совместно использоваться RBOC и двумя компаниями, частично принадлежащими AT&T. Cincinnati Bell была последней RBOC, носившей название «Bell», но в марте 2022 года она переименовалась в Altafiber.

Additionally, Bell Canada, the former Bell Telephone Company of Canada (founded in 1880) and which started separating from the Bell System in 1956, and completely by 1975, continues to use the "Bell" trademarks, which it owns outright in Canada.

Verizon continued to use the Bell logo on its payphones (including former GTE payphones), hard hats, trucks, and buildings, most likely intending to display continued use in order to maintain the company's trademark rights. Following the company updating its logo in 2015 and subsequent reimaging of its trucks, the Bell logo has since been removed.

Malheur Bell, an autonomous local phone company owned by Qwest, used the Bell name and logo until its merger into Qwest in 2009.

Apart from historical documents, AT&T does not presently make active use of the Bell marks. Its local exchange companies have retained the "Bell" names; however, they have been doing business under other names since 2002. Many of these names are still listed with the US Patent and Trademark Office as current trademarks, since these names are still considered in use.

Many of these companies have since merged; by the end of 2000, there were only three of the original Baby Bells left in the United States. After the 1984 breakup, part of AT&T Corp.'s Bell Labs was split off into Bellcore, which would serve as an R&D and standards body for the seven Baby Bells. In 1997, Bellcore was acquired by Science Applications International Corporation where it became a wholly owned subsidiary and was renamed Telcordia.^[2]

Southwestern Bell Corporation, which changed its name to SBC Communications in 1995, acquired Pacific Telesis in 1997, SNET in 1998, and Ameritech in 1999. In February 2005, SBC announced its plans to acquire former parent company AT&T Corp. for over $16 billion. SBC took on the AT&T name upon merger closure on November 18, 2005. SBC began trading as AT&T Inc. on December 1, 2005, but began re-branding as early as November 21 of the same year. In 2006 AT&T Inc. purchased BellSouth.^[3]

In 1997, NYNEX was acquired by Bell Atlantic (taking the Bell Atlantic name), which later, in 2000, acquired GTE, the largest independent telephone company. Bell Atlantic later changed its name to Verizon that same year.

In 2005, following a protracted bidding war with rival RBOC Qwest, Verizon announced that it would acquire long-distance company MCI. The Verizon and MCI merger closed on January 6, 2006.

Bell Atlantic Mobile became^[4] the largest wireless carrier in the United States through its merger with NYNEX Mobile, its acquisition of Frontier Cellular, its subsequent merger with GTE Mobile, and its joint venture with Vodafone (consolidating its AirTouch business into Bell Atlantic Mobile). The latter two transactions effectively formed Verizon Wireless (which remained a partnership between Verizon Communications and Vodafone until 2013). The company has largely maintained its lead over the years through further acquisitions (notably, of Alltel Wireless and TracFone) and through organic growth.^[5] surpassing T-Mobile and even AT&T in wireless. Over time much of its wireline area was spun off including northern New England to Consolidated Communications and other areas with landline businesses to both Frontier and FairPoint Communications.

Lumen Technologies, Inc. was originally Century Telephone (CenturyTel), and took the Centurylink name in 2009 when it acquired Embarq, the former local operations of Sprint Nextel, which also included the former operations of Centel. The company, as CenturyTel, had acquired some Wisconsin Bell lines from Ameritech in 1998.

Qwest, a Denver-based fiber optics long-distance company, had taken over US West in 2000.^[6] CenturyLink announced in April 2010 its intent to buy Qwest for US$10.6 billion.^[7] The transaction was completed in April 2011. In August 2011, the Qwest branding was retired and replaced by that of CenturyLink. CenturyLink rebranded to Lumen Technologies in September 2020.

The former independent Bell System franchisee Cincinnati Bell, which was not part of the 1984 divestiture because AT&T held only a minority stake in the company, remains independent of the RBOCs. In December 2019, Cincinnati Bell announced that Brookfield Infrastructure Partners would acquire the company for $2.6 billion.^[8] On September 7, 2021, Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets completed its purchase of Cincinnati Bell, Inc. and later rebranded the company name to AltaFiber.

FairPoint Communications, an independent provider based in North Carolina, acquired Northern New England Telephone Operations. NNETO is an operating company split from the original New England Telephone to serve access lines in Maine and New Hampshire. The sale of these lines by Verizon to FairPoint closed in 2008. Telephone Operating Company of Vermont, a company created following FairPoint's acquisition, was an operating company wholly owned by Northern New England Telephone Operations. In December 2016 FairPoint was purchased by Consolidated Communications, and the combined company operates under the Consolidated Communications name.^[9]

In 2010, Frontier Communications acquired Frontier West Virginia, one of the original Bell Operating Companies formerly known as the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia, in a larger deal including some former GTE companies with Verizon Communications. In December 2013, AT&T agreed to sell SNET to Frontier, with the sale closing in the second half of 2014.^[10]On April 1, 2016, Frontier Communications (FTR) completed the data conversions from the Verizon systems for the remaining three largest former GTE properties: California, Florida and Texas. On May 1, 2020, Frontier Communications (FTR) completed the sale of its Northwest Regional companies of Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington to Ziply Fiber in an effort to avoid Chapter 11 bankruptcy. This move did not solve Frontier Communications financial problems resulting in a Chapter 11 Bankruptcy filing on April 14, 2020. Frontier went public again on May 4, 2021, with FYBR as its trading symbol on NASDAQ, after changing its name to "Frontier Communications Parent".^[11]

• Breakup of the Bell System
• Competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC)
• Incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC)
• Local access and transport area (LATA)

• Pre-divestiture RBOC map (from Bell System Memorial)
• Table of RBOC changes (from Bell System Memorial)
• Bell Operating Companies (from Bell System Memorial)